1. RESEARCH NEEDS - Chimpanzees in Research - NCBI Bookshelf
In the case of some infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B, chimpanzees are the only nonhuman species that can be infected with the causative microorganism.
Chimpanzees have been used in biomedical research to gain an understanding of various diseases that result in substantial morbidity and mortality. The value of chimpanzees in studies designed to make it possible to prevent or treat diseases is due in large part to their genetic similarity to humans. In the case of some infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B, chimpanzees are the only nonhuman species that can be infected with the causative microorganism. Furthermore, some important therapies for diseases not caused by microorganisms have been developed only because they were evaluated in chimpanzees when other species proved to be unsuitable or provided suboptimal results. Because situations like these are likely to arise in the future, chimpanzees should continue to be available for research protocols that benefit human health and well-being. Furthermore, the possibility of a national emergency due to a new infectious agent that presents a major hazard to human health and for which no obvious prophylaxis or therapy is available is a compelling reason to maintain a population of chimpanzees for biomedical research.
2. Animal models for HIV/AIDS research - PMC - NCBI
Although most, if not all, macaques can be infected with SIV, three species are routinely used as animal models for AIDS: the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), ...
The AIDS pandemic continues to present us with unique scientific and public health challenges. Although the development of effective antiretroviral therapy has been a major triumph, the emergence of drug resistance requires active management of treatment ...
3. Animal models for HIV/AIDS research | Nature Reviews Microbiology
Nov 16, 2012 · Although most, if not all, macaques can be infected with SIV, three species are routinely used as animal models for AIDS: the rhesus macaque ( ...
Although it may never be possible for a single animal model to recapitulate all of the features of HIV-1 infection of humans, there have been great advances in the development of small-animal and non-human primate models, as well as in the development of recombinant challenge viruses. Here, the authors review the advantages and disadvantages of the different animal models of HIV/AIDS with respect to their use in the preclinical development of vaccines and antiretroviral therapies. The AIDS pandemic continues to present us with unique scientific and public health challenges. Although the development of effective antiretroviral therapy has been a major triumph, the emergence of drug resistance requires active management of treatment regimens and the continued development of new antiretroviral drugs. Moreover, despite nearly 30 years of intensive investigation, we still lack the basic scientific knowledge necessary to produce a safe and effective vaccine against HIV-1. Animal models offer obvious advantages in the study of HIV/AIDS, allowing for a more invasive investigation of the disease and for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines. Advances in humanized mouse models, non-human primate immunogenetics and recombinant challenge viruses have greatly increased the number and sophistication of available mouse and simian models. Understanding the advantages and limitations of each of these models is essential for the design of animal studies to guide the development of vaccines and antiretroviral therapies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
4. Zoonoses - World Health Organization (WHO)
Missing: ethical | Show results with:ethical
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents and can spread to humans through direct contact or through food, water or the environment. They represent a major public health problem around the world due to our close relationship with animals in agriculture, as companions and in the natural environment. Zoonoses can also cause disruptions in the production and trade of animal products for food and other uses. Zoonoses comprise a large percentage of all newly identified infectious diseases as well as many existing ones. Some diseases, such as HIV, begin as a zoonosis but later mutate into human-only strains. Other zoonoses can cause recurring disease outbreaks, such as Ebola virus disease and salmonellosis. Still others, such as the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, have the potential to cause global pandemics.
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5. [PDF] Ethical considerations in HIV prevention trials | UNAIDS
HIV prevention is vital to ending the AIDS epidemic. Over more than 30 years, HIV research has identified many safe and effective.
6. Arguments against animal testing | Cruelty Free International
Animal experiments are cruel, unreliable, and even dangerous. The harmful use of animals in experiments is not only cruel but also often ineffective.
Animal experiments are cruel, unreliable, and even dangerous.
7. [PDF] Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward
This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view ...
8. HIV/AIDS Debacle | Research - Project R&R
The flawed chimpanzee model of HIV not only failed to produce any sort of vaccine or treatment for HIV/AIDS, but actually contributed toward the suffering and ...
chimpanzees in research once hailed the key for a cure to AIDS which continues to kill millions despite the large number of chimpanzees that have been harmed by…
9. Human Experimentation: An Introduction to the Ethical Issues
While Tuskegee and the discussed U.S. military experiments stand out in their disregard for the well-being of human subjects, more recent questionable research ...
In January 1944, a 17-year-old Navy seaman named Nathan Schnurman volunteered to test protective clothing for the Navy. Following orders, he donned a gas mask and special clothes and was escorted into a 10-foot by 10-foot chamber, which was then locked from the outside. Sulfur mustard and Lewisite, poisonous gasses used in chemical weapons, were released into the chamber and, for one hour each day for five days, the seaman sat in this noxious vapor. On the final day, he became nauseous, his eyes and throat began to burn, and he asked twice to leave the chamber. Both times he was told he needed to remain until the experiment was complete. Ultimately Schnurman collapsed into unconsciousness and went into cardiac arrest. When he awoke, he had painful blisters on most of his body. He was not given any medical treatment and was ordered to never speak about what he experienced under the threat of being tried for treason. For 49 years these experiments were unknown to the public.
10. Research using animals: an overview | University of Oxford
These might include human trials, computer modelling, cell culture, statistical techniques, and others. Animals are only used for parts of research where no ...
Around half the diseases in the world have no treatment. Understanding how the body works and how diseases progress, and finding cures, vaccines or treatments, can take many years of painstaking work using a wide range of research techniques. There is overwhelming scientific consensus worldwide that some research using animals is still essential for medical progress.Animal
11. Animal testing and experiments FAQ
The law also requires that unannounced inspections of all regulated research facilities are carried out annually. In addition to purpose-bred mice and rats, ...
Animals are used in many different kinds of experiments. These are just a few examples and alternatives to using animals in experiments.
12. 11 Animal Testing Statistics That Will Blow Your Mind | PETA
In one case, an HIV vaccine that was shown to be effective in monkeys failed in human clinical trials because it didn't prevent humans from developing AIDS.
Learn if tests on animals work, how much they cost, and how many animals are used. These animal testing statistics and facts will shock you.
13. The Story Behind the First AIDS Drug - Time
Mar 19, 2017 · ... animal cells infected with HIV, it seemed to block the virus' activity. ... But simply having a compound that could work against HIV wasn't enough ...
Getting there was by no means easy
14. [PDF] Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their ...
untreated manure is one of the most common disposal methods due to its low cost. ... more likely it is that infection or bacteria can spread among the animals.
15. The case against pet ownership - Vox
Apr 11, 2023 · But keeping pets shouldn't only be about me or you — it's a ... animal lovers ought to do much more to live up to our stated values. You've ...
Why we should aim for a world with fewer but happier pets.
16. Animal Testing and Research Achievements
Studies with monkeys, dogs, and mice led to the polio vaccine. Drugs used to combat cancer, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, hepatitis, and malaria would not have been ...
If you’ve ever taken a medicine or had a medical procedure, you’ve benefited from animal testing and research.
17. What are genome editing and CRISPR-Cas9? - MedlinePlus
Mar 22, 2022 · Gene editing occurs when scientists change the DNA of an organism. Learn more about this process and the different ways it can be done.
Gene editing occurs when scientists change the DNA of an organism. Learn more about this process and the different ways it can be done.